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Changes in Nitric Oxide Levels and Antioxidant Enzyme
Activities May Have a Role in the Pathophysiological Mechanisms Involved
in Autism
Sadık Sogut, S. Salih Zoroglu, Huseyin Ozyurt, H. Ramazan Yılmaz, Fikret
Ozugurlu, Ercan Sivaslı, Ozer Yetkin, Medaim Yanık, Hamdi Tutkun, Haluk A.
Savas, Mehmet Tarakcıoglu, Omer Akyol
Clinica Chimica Acta 331 (2003) 111 –117
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ABSTRACT
Background: There is evidence that oxygen free radicals play an important role in the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Although it has not been investigated yet, several recent studies proposed that nitric oxide (NO) and other parameters related to oxidative stress may have a pathophysiological role in autism. Methods: We assessed the changes in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels in plasma as well as NO levels in red blood cells (RBC) in patients with autism (n = 27) compared to age- and sexmatched normal controls (n = 30). Results: In the autistic group, increased RBC NO levels ( p < 0.0001) and plasma GSH-Px activity ( p < 0.0001) and unchanged plasma TBARS levels and SOD activity were detected. Conclusions: These findings indicate a possible role of increased oxidative stress and altered enzymatic antioxidants, both of which may be relevant to the pathophysiology of autism.
Abbreviations: AA, arachidonic acid; CARS, Childhood Autism Rating Scale; Cd, cadmium; CNS, central nervous system; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide syntase; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; MDA, Malondialdehyde; NADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NBT, nitroblue tetrazolium; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; NO, nitric oxide; NO2 , nitrite; NO3 , nitrate; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; 1O2, singlet oxygen; O2 S , superoxide anion radical; SOH, hydroxyl radical; ONOO , peroxynitrite; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; ROS, reactive oxygen species; –SH, thiol; –S–NO, nitroso-thiols; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TBA, thiobarbituric acid; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; XO, xanthine oxidase.
Keywords: Autism; Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS); Superoxide dismutase (SOD); Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); Nitric oxide (NO)
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